Herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus, the house guests who never leave

Kinchington, Paul R; Leger, Anthony J St; Guedon, Jean-Marc G; Hendricks, Robert L

doi:10.1186/2042-4280-3-5

Herpesviridae

Table 1 Comparison of HSV and VZV with illustrations of differences and similarities

From: Herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus, the house guests who never leave

Sections		HSV-1	VZV
Viral	Genes	~80: 4 diploid (ICP4, 0, 34.5, LAT)	68: 3 diploid (ORFs 62, 63, 64)
Genome	Size	~152kbp	~125kbp
	G + C content	−67%	−47%
	Repeats	-Large repeats for both UL and US	-Large on US only; 88.5 bp on UL
	Isomers	4	Mostly 2 with UL region fixed
	miRNA	From LAT region- role not yet clear	No known miRNAs
Viral Proteins	regulation	Regulated Cascade –defined as	Likely similar, but difficult to define experimentally
	Immediate Early differences
		α, β1, β2, γ1, γ2-six genes (ICP0, ICP4, ICP27, ICP22, ICP1.5, ICP47.	-Three genes reported to date
		-All have TAATGARAT motif in IE promoters	-ORF/IE62(ICP4 Eeq) ORF/IE4(ICP27 eq) and ORF/IE63 (ICP22 eq)
			-No ortholog of ICP47.
			-Only IE62 has TAATGARAT in promoter
	Short Region differences	-gD, an essential protein involved in receptor & entry	-No gD, is essential-
		-gE not required in culture	-gE is key receptor binding protein
			-Missing several HSV equivalents
	Tegument differences	-UL48 (VP16) required in culture:	-ORF10(VP16 Eq) not required in culture:
	Tegument differences	-UL49 not required	-ORF9 (UL49 eq) required
Primary Infection	Route of Infection	Spread through direct contact.	Spread via aerosol and inhalation.
	Location of 1^o infection	-Epithelia in mucosa, cornea or in epidermal layers of the skin	-Epithelial and immune cells in respiratory lymphoid tissues, tonsils
		-Usually no viremia	-Cell associated viremia
		-Usually no viremia	-Secondary infection at the sub-dermis
	Spread to neurons	-Usually local only	-Systemic across entire neuraxis
	Spread to neurons	-Accesses neuronal axon termini in skin	-Same as HSV; may also access neurons during viremia thrugh immune cells
	Innate	TLR-2,3,9 respond to infection	Thought to be the same, but not known
		IFN regulates infection	IFN regulates infection
		NO helps retard viral replication	Role of NO not known
		ICP0 degrades PML and ND10 proteins	Susceptible to PML caging.
		ICP0 degrades PML and ND10 proteins	ORF61 modifies ND10, does not degrade PML
Innate and adaptive immunity	Adaptive T cell response	CD4 and CD8 encounter antigen on DCs and respond to infection	-T cells infected by VZV leading to viral spread.
Innate and adaptive immunity	Adaptive T cell response		-CD4 and CD8 T cells are VZV specific
	DC	Can infect and reduce presentation to T cells by DCs	-Can infect and reduce presentation to T cells by DCs
	Humoral Response	Elicit antibodies against broad viral antigens. IgA, IgG and IgM	-Elicit antibodies against broad viral antigens. IgA, IgG and IgM.
			-Antibodies are used in high risk patients to treat VZV
			-Antibody has less role on control of infection/ latency and reactivation
	Immune Evasion	ICP47 blocks TAP function.	-Does not block TAP function.
			-Still blocks MHCI and II expression.
			-Blocks MHCI by ORF66 kinase
		Inhibit IFN responses thru VHS, ICP0, and γ34.5	-Inhibit IFN responses by IE63, IE62
		Inhibit IFN responses thru VHS, ICP0, and γ34.5	-ORF61 blocks NFkB signaling
		gC blocks complement deposition	No equivalent activity for gC
		Fc binding ability of gE	VZV gE and gI complex to bind Fc
		ICP22, Us5, Us3 and LAT inhibit apoptosis by NK and CD8+ cell mediated lysis	ORF63 blocks apoptosis
Models and Neuronal Latency	Animal modeling	-Most animal models replicate virus	-Guinea pig only small natural animal model that replicates virus
		-Most show similar disease to humans	-No natural model of varicella
		-Most show similar disease to humans	-No model of reactivated disease
	Location of latency	Sensory ganglia, especially trigeminal ganglia	-Most sensory and autonomic ganglia
	Location of latency	Sensory ganglia, especially trigeminal ganglia	-Distributed across entire neuraxis
	Load	Generally higher genome load than VZV	About one magnitude lower genome load
Maintenance latency		-Endless Circular episome.	-Endless circular episome.
		-Heterochromatinated state	-Assumed to be Heterochromatinated state
	Latent Gene Expression	-Abundant transcripts from LAT region	-RNAs for ORFs 4,21,61,10,29,62,63, and 66. --Reported protein expression is controversial
		-LATs processed into miRNAs	-ORF63 most often reported as expressed
		-LATs block apoptosis
		-Rare protein expression without virus
	Immune Component	-Drives ganglionic CD8+ immune infiltrate	-No Immune infiltrate yet reported
	Immune Component	-CD8 may control reactivation events	-Cellular immunity maintains latency
Reactivation and disease	Occurrence	-May Reactivate frequently	-Reactivated disease usually never or once
		-Incidence drops with age	-Incidence rises with age and declining cellular immunity.
		-Disease similar to primary infection	-Occurs anywhere on body
		-At same site as 1^o infection	-Disease clinically different from 1^o Infection
	Ganglionic Spread	Involves 1 or few neurons	-Usually intraganglionic spread
	Ganglionic Spread	Involves 1 or few neurons	-Large lesions covering a dermatome.
	Causes of reactivation	Multiple environmental and physiological factors	-Mainly immune senescence or suppression.
			-Environmental and physiological factors may contribute
	Pain upon reactivation	-Not usually	-Nearly always neurological involvement
		-Some sensory loss with repeated recurrence	−90% of zoster has pain
		-Some sensory loss with repeated recurrence	-May develop to post herpetic neuralgia

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